African American Essay Essay Example for Free

African American Essay Essay My name is Michelle Williams-Agwagu and my ethnicity group is African American. African Americans came here by forced immigration. They were not invited here to America, and they certainly did not come here by choice. They were forced and taken on ships that brought them to America just to become slaves to the white people. Upon arrival to America, African Americans were treated poorly. Many of them were torn apart from their family members and some were infants that had no knowledge of whom they were as they became older. The group faced many challenges such as prejudice, segregation, and racism. A set of codes were implemented that all African Americans had to adhere to, or they would be punished by either getting beat by their master or possibly killed. African Americans were not allowed to have any education; therefore, no one was allowed to learn to read or write. The slave owners made sure of that and if any slave did learn to read or write, he or she would be punished by their owner. They were separated from the other people because of the color of their skin and was not allowed to eat, play, drink or have any interaction with the masters or the master’s family members unless it was to do household chores as their servant. They did not have many opinions when it came to making decisions. Unfortunately, African Americans were affected by dual labor market and red lining. In the early stages of African American emancipation, not many of them had education or access to quality higher education. Even if they had this education, they were forced into the lower labor market and regardless of the quality of their education they would start in much lower positions than that of their white counterparts. African Americans were affected by this because they were not given any meaningful jobs with any type of significant pay structure and benefits. The jobs were more short-term than long-term. Red lining is a reality in African American communities across the United States. Red lining is a practice which discriminates against Blacks of all economic sectors when they apply for home and business loans and consumer credit. Blacks, more than any other racial or ethnic group (with the possible exception of Native Americans), receive less credit. Through all the bad treatment that African Americans received from â€Å"white† Americans, they (AA) still participated in reverse discrimination. Reverse discrimination is still a problem here in the United States because it is racism; and racism is racism, no matter how we try to spin it. â€Å"Society classes an African American discriminating against a Caucasian as reverse discrimination because for most of American history, it was the African Americans who were persecuted for something that they could not control their ethnicity. † (Libra, n. d. ) African Americans have also been affected by the glass ceilings form of discrimination, and that is still an ongoing problem also. â€Å"The glass ceiling refers to the barriers that often confront Ethnic Americans and women in trying to reach the upper ladders of corporate America. African Americans do not earn the same pay for comparable positions† (The Glass Ceiling for African, Hispanic (Latino), and Asian Americans, 2008. ) as that of their white counterparts in the same job. Environmental justice issues have plagued African Americans in the past and continue to do so today. In the past century, factories emitting toxic fumes and hazardous waste were positioned near large African American sections of major cities as well as small towns inhabited by mostly African Americans. Today, in areas of Louisiana along the Mississippi River known as â€Å"Cancer Alley†, petroleum and chemical manufacturing plans spew fumes and release carcinogenic chemicals near the water supplies of African Americans. There has long been controversy over this modern issue however no other ethnic or racial group has the desire to have these companies relocate factories near their living areas. African Americans have participated in affirmative action since the very beginning, in fact, affirmative action was implemented in the United States largely for the benefit of this group. Affirmative action makes a valiant attempt to make up for past and current discrimination against a certain group and makes jobs and opportunities that members of this group would not have access to ordinarily. Some African Americans agree with Affirmative Action, while some others disagree with it because they perceive it to be a handout and not being able to get jobs or opportunities on one’s own merit. We, as African Americans have and still face many forms of discrimination. Will it ever end, I do not think so. There have been attempts to close the gap and bring us into that circle of equality but I do not see that ever happening in its entirety, all though we know that all men are â€Å"supposedly† created equal. I culturally identify more with African Americans because it is who I am. However, it is evident that racism with any prefix is a problem in America it is a problem in the entire world, and I hope people will start accepting people as people rather than accepting that they must hate people because of the color of their skin. Reference Page Libra, Themis. (n. d. ). Is reverse discrimination a problem in the United States?. Helium The Glass Ceiling for African, Hispanic (Latino), and Asian Americans (2008). Ethnic Majority.

My Favourite Book Essay Example for Free

My Favourite Book Essay Lots of people read tabloid newspapers. Tabloid nespapers are read by lots of people. 2. Sue Green reads the news on television. The news on television is read by Sue. 3. The witness is helping the police. The police is being helped by the witness. 4. The newspapers arent publishing the photographs. The photographs arent published by the newspapers. 5. The police have arrested the driver. The driver has been arrested by the police. 6. The thief had taken the painting before the gard woke up. The paintinghad been taken before the guard woke up. 7. The company will deliver the flowers the next day. The flowers will be delivered the next day. 8. The government is going to give every school student a computer. A computer is going to be given to the every school student by the government. 9. You can buy a magazine on the train. A Magazinecan be boughton the train. (by you) 10. My sister made a pop video. The pop videowas made by my sister. Complete this radio news report using a passive form on the verbs in the brackets ! Good afternon . The lunch time news today will be read(read) by John Houard. The prime minister has visited a primary school in Ipswich where she (meet)has been metby the children and their teachers. She opened a new sports centre that (build)was built with money raised by the parents and teachers. Another $20 000 (need)are needed to finish the swimming pool so more money raising activities ( organise)will be organised for the summer months. Earlier today a group of pensioners was in accident when their coach (hit)was hit by lorry. The pensioners (help )were helped by local people until ambulances arrived. Most the passanger (alow)wasnt alowed to go home immediately, but thoose with more serious injuries (take)have been taken to Norwich central hospital later today. Witnesses say that the lorry (drive)was being drivingtoo fast. Rewrite the sentences using have/get something done ! 1. I will ask someone to repair my school bag. I will have my school bag repaired . 2. My sisters car is being seviced. My sister is getting her car serviced . 3. Someone is testing my fathers eyes. My father is getting his eyes tasted . 4. The grass is too long – I will pay someone to cut it. I will get the grass cut. . 5. I have taken my trousers to the cleaners. I have had my trousers cleaned. Rewrite the descriptions using compound adjectives ! 1. A skiing holiday that is two weeks long. Two-week skiing holiday is too long for me. 2. A baby who is six months old. Six month-old baby is very healthy. 3. A men with white hair. White-haired man is old and lovely. 4. A flight of six hours. Six-hour flight is boring. 5. A carpet made by hand. Handmade carpet is beautiful. Circle the correct preposition to form multipart verbs ! 1. When we have visiters we turn off/over the television. 2. My father always goes to sleep with television turned on/over. . My sister turns on/overthe channel to annoy me. 4. I turn down/to volume during the advertisements. 5. When I want to watch football I turn to/upmy mom for support. Circle the correct words in the latter ! Dear Colleague, On the 14th of june we will be holding a party to celebrate/celebration to success of our latest game show/opera. As you know, Win a Car! Is very popular/popularity and it will be good publish/publicityto hold a big thank-you party for stuff and successful players. The organise/organisation of the party is being done by my assistent. Yours faithfully.

Lung Cancer: Symptoms, Treatment and Literature

Lung Cancer: Symptoms, Treatment and Literature Introduction According to Cancer research UK lung cancer is a rapid and uncontrol proliferation of cells that may start in trachea, bronchioles or pulmonary tissue (Cancerresearchuk.org, 2017). It is broadly classified into Non-Small Cellular lung cancer (NSCLC) type and small cellular lung cancer (SCLC). Additionally, NSCLC is further subdivided into the squamous cell, adenocarcinoma, large cell carcinoma and undifferentiated NSCLC (Travis et al., 2015). Clinically both types are presented with similar symptoms (prolong cough, thoracically lymph node enlargement), and typical X-ray image (shadows with define outline). However, a specialized distinction can be done with the help of biopsy and genotypic analysis (Hoffman, Mauer and Vokes, 2000). Current literature analysis will focus on epidemiological features, clinical features, and available treatment options, as well as highlight gaps in the lung cancer understanding. According to Cancer Research UKs statistical data, lung cancer accounts for 13% of all causes in the UK. In addition, 22% of all cancer death is attributed to lung cancer, with 23% of all male cancers and 21% female. Additional examination shows that SCLC accounts for 12% of all lung cancers and NSCLC for 87%, with adenocarcinoma as a most common type (Cancer Research UK, 2017). Major cause of lung cancer is the tobacco consumption. The US statistics supports this notion, indicating that 90% of all lung cancer death in men and 80% of cases in women are caused by tobacco consumption (Szklo, 2001). Apart from environmental factors, there are individual genetic and epigenetic traits, which will alter lung cancer susceptibility. For example, according to meta-analysis data, having causes of lung cancer in family attributes to 1.7 fold increase in cancer development, with an additional increase if two or more relatives were affected (Lissowska et al., 2010). Studies identified DNA methylation markers, in cell cycle regulatory and repair genes. Specifically, significant changes in methylation patterns occurred in   BNC1, MSX1, CCNA1,p16, LOX genes in comparison to non-malignant cells (Licchesi et al., 2008). There are multiple classifications which allow identifying a lung cancer stage. However, the current essay will focus on two mainstream classifications by American Joint Community of Cancer (AJCC) (Goldstraw and Crowley, 2006) and Veterans Administration Lung Study Group (VALSG) (Zelen, 1973) which are based on clinical and pathological examination. SCLC According to International Association of Lung cancer, the TNM classification is recommended for classification of patients with SCLC. Current 7h edition of the AJCC manual identifies three major criterias: T (TX-T4) local cancer spread; N (NX-N3) metastatic involvement of lymph nodes; M (M0-M1)- presence or absence of metastasis (classification check online). With grouping, SCLC causes into four stages (Table 1)( (Egner, 2010). However, TNM classification is not widely used in clinical practice, in comparison to VALSG classification (Zelen, 1973. Which divides SCLC into limited stage (encapsulated) and extensive stage ( local spread of tumor).   Adaptation of the TNF was supported by a study involved 8000 patients worldwide, which pointed out limitations of VALSG. (Shepherd et al., 2007). Allowing to conclude that stratification of patients based on tumor encapsulation only does not accurately represent the patients prognostic outcomes. Overall, SCLC has a poor prognosis with su rvival rates up to 4 months without treatment (Foster et al., 2009). A major prognostic factor per TNM is the local disease spread, with metastasis as a critical factor for stage rectification. Thus, median survival for treated patients with Stage I-III disease progression is around 15-20 month with around 20% chance for 2 years survival. On the other hand, Stage IV of the disease is attributed to 8-13-month survival and only 5% survival up to 2 years (Lally et al., 2007). NSCLC Staging of NSCLC is fully regulated by the AJCC classification and divided into four stages. It has similar principles of TNM division mentioned above, with some prognostic adaptations (Egner, 2010). Specifically, variations within tumor size (T), are associated with decreased survival rates, for instance, primary tumor with diameter 2cm (53%), 3 cm (47%), 5cm (43%), more than 7cm (26%) (Rami-Porta et al., 2007). Lymphatic nodule involvement is a debatable topic due to a large degree of variability in classifications, but TNM staging attributes to worsening of the disease outcome (Rusch et al., 2009). Lastly, metastatic involvement is considered as the Stage 4 of the disease with average 8-month survival rate (Postmus et al., 2007). However, in addition to AJCC classification, it is important to take into account patient related factors such as gender, comorbidity, and age; environmental factors like nutrition and quality of treatment (Gospodarowicz and OSullivan, 2003). Last stateme nts are not strictly limited to NSCLC as similar variables may cause changes in SCLC patients. Treatment for SCLC Standard of care for the extensive stage of the disease during the SCLC will be chemotherapy treatment. Usually, first line treatment will include six cycles of etoposide with cisplatin or carboplatin. Meta-analysis data on this topic is controversial, with no specific recommendations given by the authors about any of the benefits of the treatment (Galetta et al., 2000; Mascaux et al., 2000). A possible explanation was based on the toxicity of cisplatin or inconsistency in patient number in the control arm of the trials (Amarasena et al., 2015). In addition, second set of meta-analysis data, six drug trials with 1476 patients in total, identified irinotecan and platinum as a viable combination for treatment of Stage IV of the SCLC (Jiang et al., 2010). Indicating the lesser amount of off-target effects ( less anemia, thrombocytopenia), and increase in overall survival rates. Thus, patients who are falling into the first line treatment regimen should result in overall response rate mo re than 20 %, and maintain therapy-related mortality as low as 5%. Knowing the limits of chemotherapy, the second line of drugs for SCLC is in development. Possible target therapies include: inhibitors of cell proliferative signaling pathways ( c-Kit, Src, EGFR, m-TOR etc.); angiogenesis ( VEGFR, VEGF); promoters of apoptosis ( Bcl-2, HDAC); immunotherapy and vaccines (CD56, p53); multidrug resistance (P-glycoprotein, MDR-1). It is important to indicate that most of the second line treatments are at the stage of development and majority of them does not show significant results.   For instance, Imatinib did not show any significant response from patients in phase II trial as single drug moderate dose (600 mg daily) or high dose (400mgx2 day) therapy (Johnson et al., 2003) Similar apoptosis regulators with specific Bcl-2 regulates, like Oblimersen, did not show significant results in a clinical trial against a placebo group, despite promising data in the pre-clinical validation (Rudin et al., 2008). Better outcomes can be seen in angiogenesis studies with bevacizumab, monoclonal antibody for VEGF-A receptor, maintenance therapy, phase II clinical trials, with combination with chemotherapy, showed 80% response rate, with 58 % chance of two years progressive free survival (Patton et al., 2006). Treatment for the NSCLC Despite the mainstream therapy with platinum compounds as first line drugs, and signaling pathway, immunotherapy drugs as a second line therapy. Additional surgical intervention can be applied on initial stages of cancer. The main surgical procedure which is implemented in cancer treatment is the lung resection under the video-assisted thoracoscopic access (VATS lung resection). However, results are controversial with the improvement of 5 years survival outcome in 21 studies on one hand, and 1.6-time increase in post-surgical complications in 13 000 patients in the US (Gopaldas et al., 2010). Nonetheless, chemotherapy is the standard of care for stages III and IV. Multiple landmark trials have shaped the treatment plan for the first choice. Starting with the JMDB trial which included administration of pemetrexed with cisplatin or gemcitabine with cisplatin, with overall response rate(ORR) of 30.6% and 28.2% in order (Scagliotti et al., 2009). In addition, both combinations have similar 10.3-month survival rate. Second, ECOG 4599, for nonsquamous carcinomas with the administration of carboplatin/paclitaxel with bevacizumab and carboplatin/paclitaxel alone (Sandler et al., 2006). Study indicate ORR of 15% and 35 % for double combination vs single, with 12.3 months and 10.3-month survival, in the same order. Lastly, the study of IPASS compared carboplatin/paclitaxel against gefitinib with ORR 32% vs 43% in order (Mok et al., 2009). With progression-free survival index of 5.8 and 5.7 months for combination and single therapy. The addition of drugs altering signalling pathways was a promising approach. However, like SCLC trial, most of the NSCLC were not significant. With the exception of angiogenesis inhibition by bevacizumab, listed for first line therapy above, a monoclonal antibody for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Evidence of a large randomized trial supports the significant improvement in ORR (Wheatley-Price and Shepherd, 2008) Second line therapy for the NSCLC includes docetaxel, pemetrexed (nonsquamous cancers), and tyrosine kinase pathway inhibitors erlotinib and gefitinib. In detail, the trial of JMEL examines pemetrexsed and docetaxel, with 9.1% and 8.8% ORR in order, and median survival of both drugs of 8.1 months (Scagliotti et al., 2009). Next drug trial, INTEREST, compared gefitinib and docetaxel , with ORR of 9.1% and 7.6% respectively, and median survival 8.3 and 7.9 month for each drug, same order (Kim et al., 2008). Lastly, clinical trial of BR.21 compared Erlotinib with the placebo group, with ORR of 9% and 6.7-month survival for the TKI (Shepherd et al., 2005). The addition of TKI was verified with a large cohort of patients in the randomized trial, with the exceptional activity of the gefitinib in EGFR mutations (Douillard et al., 2010). Overall NSCLC treatment options are oriented on chemotherapeutic approach with platinum compounds with the addition of EGFR specific TKIs. Gaps in general lung cancer There several potential areas of improvement in current treatment and patient management strategies. Critical gaps in the lung cancer can be seen in delayed patient referrals, administration of first line treatment, undertreatment of old age patients, under-utilisation of palliative care, lack of psychosocial support for patients. The current essay will address first two topics in greater details. One of the major gaps in the lung cancer field is the delay in the patients referral to the specialized help. (Yurdakul et al., 2015) According to UK guidelines people with possible symptoms of lung cancer should be referred to the specialists not later than 2 weeks after first GP visit (Nice.org.uk, 2017). Unfortunately, that is not always the cause and some patients will not see the specialist at all during the disease progression. For instance, it is estimated that 11% of lung patients in Australia will not be able to reach specialized care due to the socioeconomic background or old age (Vinod et al., 2010). Additional studies identified more factors contributing to patients late referral, like 23% of UK lung cancer patients will be diagnosed only in the emergency department even though they have had multiple visits to GP and presented typical pulmonary symptoms (Barrett and Hamilton, 2008). Next area of improvement is the underutilization of potential curative (surgical,chemotherapy) treatments in lung cancer (Blinman et al., 2010). For instance, Netherland study group identified that more patients receive surgical treatment in the active teaching and high-class hospitals than distant (Wouters et al., 2010). On the other hand, Australian group has identified no difference in curative surgical operations between rural and central areas (Jiwa et al., 2010). Raising the question of countries treatment protocols and the need for standardization on the multi-national scale. In continuation, international guidelines for successful chemotherapy utilization are 73% for NSCLC and 93% for SCLC where each patient received at least one course of treatment (Jacob et al., 2010). However, combined data (NSCLC+SCLC) from the UK has dramatic differences , such as 21% for South East England and 20% for South East Scotland, so as the USA with 45% and Australia 30% (Jacob et al., 2010). Differences in numbers are attributed to variation in clinical judgments by a doctor, patient preferences and hospital preferences (Blinman et al., 2010). Thus, it is possible to assume that some patients do not receive any treatment. Statistical studies support this statement indicating that 19% of USA, 33% of Australian, 37% Scotland and 50% of Ireland patients does not get any treatment for lung cancer, even though some cases had a potential curative outcome. Lastly, from the perspective of novel medicinal treatment for pulmonary, it is vital to indicate difficulties associated with potential laboratory and clinical results. The general trend is observed with an adaptation of drugs from CML, breast cancer and colorectal cancers to the needs of lung cancer. However, most of the clinical trial are terminated due to the high toxicity of the drugs (Rudin et al., 2008) or absence of ORR (Johnson et al., 2003). Thus, based on available treatment options further development of monoclonal antibodies or glycoengineering of human-like antibodies seems a promising direction (Patton et al., 2006). In addition, implementation of EGFR related TKIs, erlotinib and gefitinib, seems a good research avenue, with a focus on mutational aspects in EGFR signaling pathway (Douillard et al., 2010; Shepherd et al., 2005). Case Analysis: Freedom of Speech Law Case Analysis: Freedom of Speech Law Case Analysis Research Project: Discuss in detail the basis of any challenges to Section. B and evaluate the Big Bad Bruces fans chances for success. Introduction Freedom of speech, association, political freedom and freedom of public places is common in most states and as such, many cases regarding these freedoms is common. According to the first amendment in the US Bill of Rights, the people have the right to assemble and to free speech. The Supreme Court has therefore provided a list of public places and spaces that expressive activities of right to speech and right to assembly can take place(Henry, 2009). Enthusiastic fans of Big Bad Bruce are planning a gathering at the Baltimore airport to welcome the rock star home and to show support for his candidacy. The Department of transportation in Maryland state owns and controls the Baltimore airportdenies this group of fans permission to gather citing Section B ofairports regulations that make it unlawful for any gathering that exceeds 30 people at any given time at the airport unless for travelling purposes.This paper discusses in details the basis of all challenges to Section B citing laws r egarding public gatherings in airports in Baltimore, Maryland and the United States. This paper also explores the success chances of Big Bad Bruces fans regarding their permission to hold their welcome-home gathering for the rock star. This paper begins with a case brief that gives a condensed and concise summary of the airport opinion and the legal rule of law that applies to the case. The paper then provides the case background including discussions of previously decided related cases using the actual court opinions of other legal cases and laws. The next section analyses the current and future implications of the case this section will discuss how the case is likely to affect current and future events and business laws using court opinions of other legal cases and publications. Also included in this case analysis research project is my personal opinion of the case. This will be based on legal rationale, principles, resources and other cases. The final section of this research paper will be the summary/conclusion of this case based on legal principles and facts. This paper examines how the Section B can be challenged based on the Federal laws and if the rock star’s fans have chances for success in the laws uit. Case brief This case analysis research paper is about Big Bad Bruce and his fans. The rock star is returning home to announce his running for a political office and 200 enthusiastic fans of Big Bad Bruce are planning a gathering at the Baltimore airport to welcome the rock star home and to show support for his candidacy. The enthusiastic fans of Big Bad Brucewere denied permission to gather at the Baltimore airport to welcome the rock star home and express their support for his candidacy. The gathering would involve 200 fans as well as a speech on political views by Bid Bad Bruce to the fans that will take 15 minutes. The Baltimore airport denied them permission for the gathering citing Section B of the airport regulations that technicallymake it unlawful for more than 30 people to gather anywhere in the airport unless they are gathering for travel related issues. According to the airport authorities, such a prohibition is intended to make the airport free of congestion and ensure that activiti es go uninterrupted (Maryland State Archives 2013). Following this decision, the fans are challenging Section B and want to gather at the airport in support of the rock star and welcome him home. The issues that arise in this case include whether Section B follows the First Amendment clause on regulations of the freedoms of speech, which includes political freedoms and freedom of association. Another issue that arises is whether Section B violates the First amendment. Case background Section B of Baltimore airport regulations prohibits any form of gathering of more than 30 people at the airport unless the gathering is travel related. In this case, several issues arise if the lawsuit goes to court. According to the first amendment of the US constitution, all fans that are US citizens have the freedom to speech including freedom of association and political freedoms. This means that the US government as well as the state governments should and must adhere to this first amendment. However, the said governments may and can dictate time, place and other restrictions on the protected speech through the 14th amendment of the constitution. The welcome gathering and political speech that the fans of Big Bad Bruce want to hold is of this nature. Saying so, the Department of Transportation in the stateregulates a public forum with reasonable time, space and other restrictions leaving an open end for communication regarding important government interests. Section B is however neutral as it is not specific to speech and so the rock star fans have the chance to challenge it as an overboard rule that allows no room for their speech related activity. Section B prohibits gathering outside the terminals and this makes the law unduly overboard as it restricts any form of gathering above 30 people anywhere in the airport. Some parts of the airport might be considered public forums but airports are generally held as not to be public forums even though they are property of the public. A similar case would be that of International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISCON) v. Lee. In this case, the New York and New Jersey port authorities had put in place a regulation prohibiting solicitation of funds and distribution of literature at air port terminals. The ISCON alleged violation of the first amendment by the regulation(Stone, 1987). On this basis, all public gatherings in the airport can be banned by the concerned authority, which is the Department of Transportation in Maryland, of which it can prohibit the use of the ground for any speech related activity. This will happen if the Section B’s purpose is to ease congestion and promote smooth running of airport activities. There is no provision that enables a person to determine what conduct or activity is precisely prohibited. In this situation, the regulation is overboard as it forbids more conduct than what is considered necessary to achieve the main purpose of the regulation. A similar case would be that of Hague vs. CIO whereby a city official was allowed by an ordinance to decide whether an organization seeking to hold a gathering in public places in the city could do so. In this case, if the city official decided that the meeting would be a risk disturbance, then the request would have been rejected. The law in contention was also vague and overboard (Stone, 1987). Analysis of Current Implications of Case This case is challenging Section B in order to obtain access to the airport for the welcome-home gathering. It is also challenging the use of Section B as a means of contradicting the first amendment that guarantees freedom of speech including freedom of association and political freedom. The State of Marylands Department of Transportation denied the groups of fans permission to have a public gathering at the airport. If the court upholds this decision, it is going to affect current issues and business laws in different ways. First of all, the first amendment prohibits the US government and the states government from forbidding assembly and speech by imposing putting restraints. In The Hague v. CIO case, the Supreme Court upheld the freedom to assemble by siding with the CIO with its intended activity of peaceably distributing literature and organizing labor meetings .The Supreme Court therefore ruled in the CIO favor showing that the city ordinance violated the First Amendment. The government may limit speech or assembly only when the speech or assembly has a compelling interest like presenting a potential harm to the general public(Van William, 2003). Section B tends to violate this law as it prohibits public gathering of the rock star fans as well as his intended public speech. A regulation that limits space, time and manner of assembly or speech may be allowed in some instances mostly in security instances. In the case of Big Bad Bruce’s fans, Section B clearly violated the First Amendment act by prohibiting public gathering anywhere in the airport. Even though airports are not considered public spaces, they are still spaces that the public own. Since the purpose of this law is mainly to decongest the airport and enable smooth running of activities and operations, the fans had the right to assemble as long as they did not cause congestion or interfere with smooth operations of the airport(Van William, 2003). Analysis of Future Implications of Case Since its adoption, the First amendment with its fundamental freedoms of speech, religion, press, assembly and petition have been intensely debated. The US courts have interpreted these freedoms in various landmark cases hence setting the standards for these freedoms. The cases involving ISCON v. Lee, Hague v. CIO and now Big Bad Bruce’s Fans v. Baltimore Airport involve state and public office regulations that violate the First Amendment. However, airports are not considered public spaces even though the public owns and uses the airports. This case involving Big Bad Bruce raises a question on what public organizations the First Amendment applies. According to the US constitution, the First Amendment applies to all government levels including public offices and spaces. Even though courts cases have managed to limit the freedoms to assembly and speech in some instances, the First Amendment protects the citizens. Until another amendment or clause is added by the congress, the freedoms of speech and right to peaceably assemble still stand and the state will and shall protect these freedoms. The government may still limit assembly or speech based on the purpose or content of which standard it is difficult to meet. The public should note that the First Amendment does not specifically require the US and states governments to respond to petitions by citizens on the violation of the First Amendment (Emerson, 1963). Personal Opinion of Case It is clear that the First Amendment guarantees all US citizens the freedom of speech, association and political freedom. The first challenge on Section B would therefore be based on that the law is broad and vague. There is no provision that enables a person to determine what conduct or activity is precisely prohibited. In this situation, the regulation is overboard as it forbids more conduct than what is considered necessary to achieve the main purpose of the regulation. The purpose of â€Å"avoiding congestion at the airport† and â€Å"ensuring smooth airport operations† can therefore,be achieved with less restrictive means of enforcing a regulation(Garvey Schauer, 1996). The amendment also imposes restrictions regarding time, space or other manner of restrictions on the freedom of speech and requires that the right to association or assemble is done in a peaceful manner. The restrictions will however depend on whether the restriction restricts assembly or speech in a public or non-public forum. If the airport is a public space because the public owns and uses the place, then the government can have a restriction for the interest of the government and only if it allows alternative open cannel for communication. In this case, Section B is quite ambiguous and vague and so it is not clear if the purpose is to protect the interest of the government, which is a neutral content. In addition, it appears to restrict all forms of gatherings of more than 30 people unless the gathering is travel related. If the court rules that the restriction serves a neutral purpose, it should then specify if it is to promote an interest of the government. As it is stated in t he regulation, Section B seems to be putting up restrictions more than it is necessary to enable smooth operations of the airport; the neutral purpose is unlikely to be found. If the court also finds Section B to be tailored for the interest of the government, the court should also state whether an alternative open line of communication was provided for. Section B states that there should be no form of gathering â€Å"anywhere† in the airport including concourse, gates, parking lots and grassy knolls so it does not seem to promote a significant interest. Section B should therefore not be held as a valid regulation for a public office since it does not show any narrowly tailored interest and leaves no open channel for alternative communication(Henry, 2009). Summary/Conclusion of Case In conclusion, the First Amendment protects the freedoms of association and assembly in the US including Maryland State that houses Baltimore airport. The 200 fans of Big Bad Bruce that are planning to gather for the welcome home gathering and the intended speech of 15 minutes by Big Bad Bruce on political views are protected by this amendment. However, the amendment applies to all levels of government and public spaces. The amendment also provides for a regulation clause limiting the time, space and other restrictions on the speech and association freedoms. However, the regulation should serve a neutral content like government interest and should allow an open channel for communication. Several issues arise in the case that require jurisdiction of the court. As seen in other cases of this nature, the court and the Supreme Court can deliberate on petitions by the public regarding violations of the First amendment. The court will have to make a ruling based on whether the First Amendm ent is violated, if the regulation serves a narrowed interest and/or if Section B regulation leaves an alternative channel for communication. This case analysis research paperdiscusses how the Section B rule can be challenged based on the law and the chances for success if the rock star’s fans file a lawsuit. References Emerson, T. (1963). Toward a General Theory of the First Amendment.  YaleLaw Journal, Vol.  72, no. 5.pp 877-956 Garvey, J. Schauer, F. (1996). The First Amendment: A Reader. St.Paul,  Minn: West Pub.  Co. Henry, C. (2009). Freedom of Speech and Press: Exceptions to the First Amendment.  Legislative  Attorney. Congressional Research Service. Maryland State Archives (2013). Department Of Transportation. Maryland. Stone, G. (1987). The Burger Court and the Political Process: Whose First Amendment?  Harvard  Journal of Law Public Policy, Vol. 10 Van, A. William, W. (2003). Reconciling What the First Amendment Forbids with What The  Copyright Clause Permits: A Summary Explanation and Review. Law and Contemporary Law Problems, Vol 66, No. 225

The History of Guns in America Essay -- Exploratory Essays Research Pa

The History of Guns in America What is the importance of the gun? The gun is one of the most important tools in the defense of our nation. Guns are responsible for a lot of death and injuries, but these things were going on before the existence of the gun. Guns aren't the reason for the death and injuries, they are just a means to it. They are tools and an engineering marvel of our age. The gun has evolved from a simple weapon that caused limited destruction to the modern gun that is so fast and powerful it is capable of mass destruction. Through the evolution of the gun, it has become a political tool. The first guns used in America were a simple machine where the person did most of the work. The user measured and put the powder down the barrel of the gun. Next some shotgun pellets were put in the same way. This was then all compacted and the gun was ready to fire. This reloading took over a minute before each shot could be fired and the guns weren't very accurate by today's standards. If too much powder was used then the gun could explode or if the powder were wet then the gun wouldn't fire. One of inventions during the Revolutionary War was a way to reload faster. The powder was already pre-measured and kept in little sacks. This made reloading faster because the user no longer had to measure the powder between each reloading. These guns were crude but in that day was a powerful modern invention that was considered very useful. The American Revolution was a political war to obtain what the people of that era wanted. By today's standards the destruction of gun was minimal so war w as used to obtain political objectives. The next real step in the evolution of the gun came during the Civil War. Rifles were invented that ... ... capable of killing in small numbers. Now, however, they are able to destroy whole buildings. Politicians can and do use the power of the gun to force others to do what they want. Guns have become such an effective killing machine that they can kill anyone anywhere at anytime and, to fulfill any political cause. Â   Works Cited * Hogg, Ian. The Story of the Gun. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1996. * Lavarone, Mike. "Armory." http://www.worldwar1.com/arm005.htm. July 1997. * "New Guns and Gear for '98." American Rifleman. May 1998: 38-41 an 62-63. * Professional Web Designs. "Guns." http://www.usscod.org/gun.html. December 1997. * "Tank Weapons Gunnery Simulation System/Precision Gunnery System." http://www.stricom.army.mil/PRODUCTS/TWGSS-PGS. April 1998. * "WWII Battleship Gun Data." http://www.uss-salem.org/navhist/battleships/guns.html. April 1998.

Birthmark Essay -- essays research papers fc

Nathaniel Hawthorne wrote a time of great change in America. In the mid-nineteenth century, Americans began to experience a shift in focus from the once stringent religious outlook to a more scientific view of the world and its natural wonders. Americans, however, did look at these new scientific discoveries with much hesitation, questioning their long-term effects on society as a whole. Hawthorne’ s work, â€Å"The Birth Mark echoes these sentiments and combine natural faith with a confidence in science to make a very interesting tale. This tale and its morality convey a message to the reader that there is a price for tampering with the natural order of things. This story opens by explaining how educated and knowledgeable Aylmer is, and the narrator even suggests that he may have the power to alter nature. â€Å" We know not whether Aylmer possesses this degree of faith in man’s ultimate control over nature (Birthmark, 1262 ).†As Aylmer tries to use science to alter nature, or in this case, the birthmark on his wife’s cheek, his plan backfires and his wife dies. The death of Georgiana shows that knowledge is dangerous if used in the wrong way. The influence of the evolution of culture has caused men to educate themselves, and learn extensive amounts about science. However, some men like Aylmer take advantage of their intelligence and try to play the role of God. Aylmer allowed his mind to consume his heart, resulting in the senseless death of his beautiful wife.   Ã‚  Ã‚  &n...

Analysis of Fences by August Wilson Essay -- Fences Plays Slavery Raci

Troy Maxson is a man who thinks he is a failure but finds it hard to admit. Troy is a middle age black garbage man who feels held back by the â€Å"white man†. â€Å"Why you got the white men driving and colored lifting?† (p.9). the quotation mentioned is an example of how Troy feels he will never amount to anything because he is a black man in the â€Å"white man’s world†. Therefore, Troy limits his goals in life. Maintaining a job, having a roof over his head, and food on the table is Troy’s idea of success. This is his idea of success because he has accomplished this while having a hard life. Troy fences himself into his own little world where there is no room for anyone to question or judge him. Meanwhile Troy’s bitterness towards the â€Å"white man† creates callousness towards his son Cory....

Genome Patterns of Common DNA Variations in Three Human Populations

The article â€Å"Whole-Genome Patterns of Common DNA Variations in Three Human Populations† provides detailed and examination of core individual differences in DNA sequences. The authors pay attention to genetic basis of human variability stressing that it is variability that identify differences in DNA sequences. The article touches the following issues: a dense SNP map; common SNPs in three populations; natural selection between populations; structure of common populations; LD and functional elements, etc.Further, the interesting moment is analyzing the impact of genetic variations on human health. They conducted their examination in more than 70 ancestries in Asian, American and African countries. The researchers revealed that linkage disequilibrium is the main reason of genetic variations. It means that functional genomic elements are correlated with particular regions of linkage imbalance. Then the authors proceed to identifying the role of common genome variations and t heir impact of human traits, ancestries and populations.71 unrelated individual were chosen for investigation: 23 African Americans, 24 Europeans and 24 Asians. The metrics were scored: call rate, observed genotype clusters, and consistency with Hardy Weinberg equilibrium. Actually, these tests are considered very effective because they ensure quality control. During investigation, researchers revealed more than 112 million individual genotypes, whereas the missing data accounts only 5%. Most of SNPs are found to be high-quality genotypes with polymorphic structure.Further, 94% of African Americans’ SNPs have two alleles, whereas only 84% of Europeans and Americans’ SNPs have two alleles. After reading the paper, two questions appear on the agenda: 1. What methods are the most effecting in analyzing phenotypic differences and DNA variations? 2. What are particular effects of genome variations on human psyche? References Hinds D. , Stuve L. , Nilsen G. B. , Halperi, E. , Eskin E. , Ballinger D. , Frazer K. , & Cox, D. (2005, February 18). Whole-Genome Patterns of Common DNA Variations in Three Human Populations. Science, 307, 1072-1079.